American Research Journal of English and Literature

Goutam Karmakar1

Among the new poets, Shiv K.kumar is considered as one of the major poets of Indian English Poetry. His poetry gives a new sense of direction and identity to Indian English Poetry. Like a true modern poet, his poetry also deals with pain, suffering, hopes, agonies, contemporary reality, love, sex, national identity and many other elements. His subject matter is very simple and he treats every natural object in a vivid way. A kind of liveliness in expression is found in his poetry. Like other Indian English poets, his poetry also shows Indianness in both in his themes and contents. Close looks to his poems show that there is a gradual poetic development and maturity found in his poetry. His poetic consciousness is evolving and his maturity as a poet both in thought and perception is clearly visible. This paper attempts to highlight Kumar‟s growing consciousness and maturity coupled with reason, thought, irony and wisdom throughout his volumes. 

Md. Amir Hossain1

 This submission attempts to show music-art-sound of film through applying aesthetic theory. It aims to look at the film with a view to satisfying the taste and demand of the aesthetic loving audience. By creating music, art and sound in film, its aim is to unveil the theory of aesthetics through which a new inspiration and dimension will be awakened in the minds of author, reader, researcher, reviewer, and audience. To emphasize on music, sound and art in film, this paper applies the critical comments made by famous aesthetic critics, composer, and film-maker. Film making is such an initial step where many aspects of a greater society, community, and a mixed culture are given priority to highlight the index of the age. Thus this submission sheds a new aesthetic image of film so that social, political, cultural, and economic issues of a film are minutely exposed. It presupposes also that the concept of aesthetic film and art can be treated as synonymous by blending the unexamined issue of the relationship between art and aesthetics in the context of film making. 

Han Cui-ping1, Ni Xue-li 

 The popularity of foreign audio-visual products facilitates exchanges and communication among various cultures, and recent years have seen an increasing number of films distributed in foreign markets, which naturally leads to the prosperity of subtitle translation. This thesis selects the film Mirror Mirror as a case to analyze film subtitle translation strategies in the perspective of relevance theory. It consists of five parts: Part One offers a brief introduction to the research background and issues together with thesis structure. Partr Two offers some theories of Relevance Theory and relationship between relevance theory and subtitle translation. Part Three focuses a study on the subtitle translation strategies of Mirror Mirror from the perspective of relevance theory in which a detailed analysis of the difficult problems and response strategies will be made. Part Four is the conclusion. The thesis is an attempt to prove that Relevance Theory can be well applied in subtitle translation to guide the translation activity and improve the quality of subtitle translation. 

Acheoah John Emike (Ph.D)1 

 Nigerian English discourse is not recent. In different fields of language study (phonology, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, etc.), scholars establish critical positions on the status of Nigerian English amidst world Englishes. Hinging basically on Lawal’s Communicative Model Theory, this study makes a discursive, interdisciplinary discussion of what Nigerian English parades as her pragmatic, lexical and semantic data. Scholars express the need for extensive research on how discourse operates in the usage of English in non-native regions. Defending Nigerian English, this study concludes that in Nigeria, discourse is not merely a mechanical process as it also involves creativity on the part of Nigerian speakers of English. Howbeit, Nigerians “nativize” English by using it beyond its formal properties to produce what the study labels the “pragma-lexico-semantic corpora” of Nigerian English.  

Abdunasir I. A. Sideeg1 

 This research article aims to explore and critically examine nine cases in which traces of ideology are explicitly or implicitly involved in creating ‗fictional scenarios‘ in the context of translating the Qurān into English. The goal is to trace the ideological agendas that underpin these ‗fictional scenarios‘ and the way they shape the Qurānic message. The article employs a critical qualitative framework that allows for the researcher‘s subjective interpretations of the relevant texts. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used for the analysis of data as this approach provides convenient modes of critical thinking to carry out the present thesis. In this article, nine cases across twenty versions of the Qurān in English are investigated. Major findings indicate that traces of ideology are the genesis of fictional scenarios that drastically alter the Qurānic message. Neo-Mutazilite, modernist, and Qurānist traces of ideology significantly contribute to produce alien readings of some Qurānic texts as in cases (1) to (6). Sufi and gnostic ideologies are crucial in creating a fictional scenario in which the Prophet Muhammad is supposed to have attained the Beatific Vision in the Night of Ascension:[cases (7)].Plus, the desire to create ‗exotic worlds‘ and intrude into the privacy of women has its own legacy in the world of ideology and significantly contributes to create ‗fictional scenarios‘ in translating particular Qurānic verses:[case (8)]. Nonetheless, sometimes complex traces of ideology may combine together to create an ideologically motivated fictional reading: [case (9)].

Acheoah John Emike1

This paper proposes a new theoretical framework for the analysis of discourse. Thus, this paper presents the Pragma-crafting Theory to explain discourse from a more comprehensive and integrative perspective. Insights from research in pragmatics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and semiotics give this study direction. Two super-ordinate concepts in the theory are EVENT and TEXT. The former consists of interactive and non interactive participants while the latter consists of setting, theme and p-crafting features. Therefore, the theory is particularly an extension of Mey (2001). On the whole, the present study finds out that an all-encompassing analysis of communicative events presupposes the explanation of the interaction between communication acts (speech acts, segmental features, supra-segmental features, phones, exclamations, lyrical and non-lyrical music, sociolinguistic variables, drumming, semiotic particulars, etc.) and communication features such as indexicals, shared macro-knowledge, shared contextual knowledge, shared knowledge of emergent context, geoimplicature, contextual implicature and other P-crafting features. 

Olaniyi Oladimeji(Ph.D)1

 Language plays an important role in the society. This is why the study of multimodality in relation to pragmatics and how language is utilized involves the use of gestures, gazes and actions and others in expressing verbal and non-verbal cues. This paper examined how one can use more than one mode or medium to communicate ideas, emotions and feelings. The study critically examined the utterances and actions of Mr. Asari Dokunbo when he was reacting to the activities of the Boko Haram insurgents and other security threats to the entire nationhood and particularly, the polity. To carry out the study, a framework for a pragmatic analysis using the principles of pragmatics and speech act was constructed by the researcher. It was discovered that every utterance that is made has a meaning which is logically different from the sentential meaning. This suggested that structural, semiotic and sociolinguistic meanings are imperative in a multi-modal analysis. Thus, multiple approaches to the assessment of not only paralinguistic but also attitudinal meaning in the pragmatic meaning of an utterance go to show that meaning interpretation goes beyond the word and sentence meaning of any utterance. It is therefore safe to conclude that the meaning of an utterance can not only be gotten or deduced from just the surface but from the context and the non-verbal cues, codes, modes and general disposition to an ideology. These explain the pragmatics of Dokubo‟s position about the remote, immediate and uncertain state of the Nigerian nation under President Good luck Jonathan 

1Dr. Chittaranjan Bhoi 

 Hemingway is distinctly different from his contemporaries for his abruptness of style and uniqueness of technique. The simplicity of diction and plausibility of annunciation in his fictions are very arresting. The clarity of precision and directness of approach are perhaps the most prominent traits of his novels. Articulation of personal experience is well established in his novels too. The dialogic approach indeed makes his fictions more delicious. The characters of his novels give the impression that they are engaged in live-talks as they exchange dialogue among themselves. The expression of uncontrollable emotion in a forbidden and composed variety perhaps exhibits the uniqueness of his writings. Hemingway's words are essentially just words like any other words, but the way he blends them together is his unique modus operandi, a stylistic recipe that no other writer has been able to recreate. However, this paper purports to highlight the unique style and technique of Hemingway in his masterpiece, The Old Man and the Sea. 

Sofe Ahmed1 

Education is a sign and gift of the development and progress of human civilization. It simply functions to transmit a nation’s historical, cultural as well as moral values (Sattar, 1982:12). It is also viewed as a sub system of the total systems of the society that influences or is influenced by various social institutions, and ideologies like religion, family, state, politics, community, or social stratification (Buch,1974:92).However, thousands-years old human civilization has developed a universal definition or concept of education. Consequently, whenever any fallacy or phony practice is noticed in the case of education, it fairly becomes vivid to every conscious and educated man of every society. They can distinguish what is education and what is not. Here is a matter of deep concern regarding education in modern time that the absence or lack of emphasis on various fundamentals or basic aspects of education in modern curriculum. Studies and evaluation of syllabuses of different higher educational institutions, particularly of Bangladesh show that there is little or zero emphasis on the moral values of education in the programs of graduation and post graduation specifically. Curriculum designers seem to be too much technical or mechanical in their approach of designing curriculum. This tendency of over emphasis on technical or so called job oriented education misguides them to avoid covering the fundamentals or basic concepts of education while designing the syllabus. As a result, a kind of educational anarchy is going on in the realm of modern education. Learners are going far from attaining the essential purposes of education. They little think and care about what the goals and functions of education and an educated citizen are. They fail to fulfill what society expects from educated society. The society is thus also deprived from their expectation of benefit education and services of educated class. The current study is an effort to focus on what the actual concepts of education are and what is going on in modern practices of education in Bangladesh. Finally, it tries to find some solutions to bring the educational practices back to its origin or track to achieve the purposes of education. 

Acheoah, John Emike PhD1, Hamzah Abdulraheem2

 The study is a stylistic analysis of language use in religious discourse. It is a very significant study because apart from using an integrative discursive approach to investigate phenomena, we do not know of any study that uses a contrastive approach to analyze style in Christian and Islamic sermons. Selecting and organizing language, as well as deviating from its norms is the concern of style. The study investigates linguistic dimensions of Christian and Islamic sermons, hinging on the Communicative Model stylistic theory as analytical framework, although insights from pragmatics and rhetoric (discrete fields of knowledge) give the study illuminating directions. The findings include: religious sermons convey sacred messages; Christian and Islamic sermons are conveyed with similar stylistic devices; the major areas of divergence in the sermons of both religions is that they use different nomenclatures and contextual structures.