American Research Journal of English and Literature

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Writing plays a prominent role in educational success. In spite of its importance, EFL students still have difficulties in written production. A well-written extended essay is considered to be the prime objective for students’ success. Since writing is a complex cognitive process, it is of great importance of composition teachers to train their learners to be able to take control of their own understanding of the process. Second year university students utilize a wide range writing strategies to achieve their learning goals. These strategies could be used consciously or unconsciously when endeavouring to produce a writing piece. Indeed, writing strategies demonstrate how student writers undertake a particular task and how they understand the writing process.

 Dr. Venkateswarlu Yesapogu, M.A., M.Phil, PhD

Amitav Ghosh reveals areas of colonial oppression that were not much highlighted earlier along with the much talked-about topic of the oppression of the poor by local moneylenders.The British businessmen wanted to earn easy money from cash crops and to meet their greed the Indian farmers were compelled to produce crops according to the liking of the colonials, depriving themselves of wheat and paddy that they needed most to support themselves. The cultivation of Indigo ‘neel’ that was thrust upon the farmers in Bengal was highlighted in Bengal writings of the period and was included later in the agenda of National movements, but the cultivation of the opium was little focussed. Here in this point of view, Ghosh sincerely reveals the plight of the farmers like Deeti who fell in the clutches of the English businessmen and began poppy plantation. Before poppy plantation was introduced, the fields were heavy with wheat in winter, and after the spring harvest, the straw could be used to repair the hut’s roof. “But now, with the sahibs forcing everyone to grow poppy, no one had thatch to spare- it had to be bought at the market, from people who lived in faraway villages, and the expense was such that people put off their repairs as long as they possibly could” (29).

Hassan Abedi Firouzjaee & Ali Salehi Delavar

The present article tries to consider Eugene O’Neill’s Beyond the Horizon and find answers to the questions about men’s tendency towards women and vice versa. Men and women are different in joining to each other. Sexual pleasure causes men to be on the way women go. On the contrary women’s emotional demand draw them towards men. O’Neill poses the story about the qualities of life and love affairs and the interactions between two brothers in one hand and a girl on the other hand. This play tries to reflect a realistic view of different desires of men and women. He uses the characters Robert to show that man’s urgent need for sexual pleasure causes him to use romantic and emotional words to trap a woman. On the other hand, he uses the character Ruth to show that woman’s desire for emotional pleasure causes her not to see the fire under the dash.  

Chen Zhongmeng; Dai Hongxia

 In small-town literature, small town is sometimes symbolized as a trap, or metaphorized as an iron house or a madhouse, imprisoning the characters in it. In turn, all those characters endeavor to resist or rebell against such a capture or fetter in various ways. Their ways of deviance can be represented by imagination or fantasy, body or sex, escape or leave and reformation or revolution, which can be narrated as a conflict between the individual and community of small towns. From the conflict, we can read between the lines hero ‘s or heroine ‘s aspirations in small-town society.

 Dr. Venkateswarlu Yesapogu, M.A., M.Phil, PhD. 

Amitav Ghosh sets history as a background for his novel. He gives importance to the individuals but not to the background. History rumbles discreetly at the background throughout his novels. Take for instance, The Glass Palace which is an ambitious work of fiction which covers more than a century of history and four generations of characters spread across India and South East Asia. All the novels of Ghosh demonstrate the author’s voice in balancing the sweep of history with the depth and complexity of the individual. Ghosh spins his tale with harrowing precision and insight, leaving the reader with a lingering disquiet about how the forces of history can irrevocably alter the lives of ordinary men and women. Human historian in Ghosh novels travels between cultures/lands and negotiates what has now come to be called the ‘third space’ in the way of anthropological studies. The extant criticism on Ghosh’s work has exposed significant socio cultural representations. One of the concerns is the representation of history which interfaces fiction which has become the subject of much critical debate on new historicism. The themes of all Ghosh’s oeuvre are perceived for the individual characters at the expense of active historical characters. This article in all its satirical representation critiques on new historicism in a discursive manner. It reveals the complicit formulation of post national future within the framework of history interface fiction. Ghosh associates undesirable nationalism with historical background. However, for my article presentation I have chosen the title called “The New historical Dimensions of the Discursive Historicism in the fiction of Amitav Ghosh –A Critical Perspective” which makes an exploration of the aspects of history which interface fiction in the novels of Ghosh. However I tried to interpret the nature of this article by observing it from the various cultural aspects of contemporary Indian society.

Acheoah, John Emike*, Abdullah Sanni1, Olaleye Joel Iyiola2, Monday Eje3

 In Nigeria, English is still the medium of instruction in schools. “Development” is a concept that scholars view in different perspectives. It involves both “change” and “growth”. Although “change” can either be positive or negative, this paper focuses on the positive sense of the term, and therefore depicts development as growth. The paper hinges on U. Thant’s Theory of Development, and argues for the candidature of Language of Immediate Community (LIC), not as a sole medium of instruction in schools, but as a Nigerian language that should be taught alongside English in communities which host such schools. However, there should be public examination of selected languages of immediate communities. Part of the findings of this study is that literacy in LIC fosters national cohesion, social mobilization and sustainable development.

Acheoah, John Emike1, Olaleye, Joel Iyiola, Ayankogbe, Beatrice Osaro

 In every language, continuous writing (compositions) which include informal letters, formal letters, semi-formal letters, narrative essays, descriptive essays, argumentative essays, expository essays and other more technical categories of writings are audience-driven – their different parts are written in accordance with the audience which can either be formal or informal, professional or non-professional, singular or plural, young or old, specific or unspecific. Hinging on some principles within the purview of contemporary English usage, pragmatics and stylistics, this paper simply investigates the conventional and pragmatic factors which influence writings when viewed from the audience perspective. In this paper, we use an uncommon approach – the use of letters and essays to analyze issues bordering on formal and contextual properties in continuous writing. On the whole, the paper concludes that pragmatic and stylistic motivations abound in the different categories of writings.  

Dr. Sabah A.Shakury 

Emily Bronte, the highly imaginative novelist of passion of the 19th century, produced only one novel, Wuthering Heights, in 1847. Influenced by the times and social background and life experiences, her novel reflects a vision of human nature and of the society in which she lived. In Wuthering Heights, Bronte tells a story of tragedy of passion in its two aspects of love and violence. This study presents Bronte‟s view of the nature of man and of the world in which he existed from different aspects. By analyzing the two main characters‟ different personalities, the study reveals the internal reason of the tragedy. This study also deals with women‟s status and the patriarchal society at that time, showing the influence of the society in which they lived which was intensifying man‟s basic corruption. In addition, it also focuses on how Bronte‟s success stems from the fact that she was able to present her vision obliquely and imaginatively. Bronte could portray amoral beings like Catherine and Heath cliff with total honesty and understanding, yet remain completely aware of what the inevitable consequences of their behavior must be. From these analyses, people can reach a systematic and profound understanding of the causes of the tragedy of passion, and thus will grasp the connotation of the novel comprehensively and accurately. 

Fatimah Alzughaibi1 

 This paper will analyze the social and economic situations Irish immigrants found themselves in once they reached America using Toibin’s book Brooklyn as an example. Through carefully exploring the themes and topics presented in the book, and comparing them with actual historical records, a larger picture of Irish immigration in America appears that tells the tale of the lives and struggles of this people group.  

Angela Brown 

 I come this far by faith, leaning on the Lord, trusting in His Holy name. God has not failed me yet. Each time I fall, I come around, because, I come this far by faith.