American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Le Lan Anh*, Nguyen Thi Hai Yen

The East Sea is the connection point of many vital maritime and air routes, where the interests of many countries and territories are intertwined. Peace and stability in the East Sea have a direct influence on the peace and stability of the region and the world. The issues of conflict and escalation in disputes in the East Sea recently have become increasingly complicated and unpredictable, becoming a common concern of many countries inside and outside the region. For the participating countries, the benefits brought by the East Sea are reflected in all four layers: (1) in the air (air defense identification zone), (2) on the surface (maritime traffic, sovereign rights attached to the sea, the islands), (3) in the seabed (aquatic products), (4) at the bottom of the sea (oil and gas resources), creating different benefits for the parties involved, intertwined and extremely complicated. The objective of the article is to review the research situation on issues related to the East Sea, including studies on competition and cooperation in the East Sea, policies of relevant countries towards the South China Sea area. East Sea, thereby finding gaps that need to be further researched in order to complete the knowledge of studying the East Sea more fully.

Col Gaurav Bhatia, PhD (Retd)1, Arundhati Bhatia2

Capacity building in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is vital for equipping individuals, communities, and organizations with the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively prepare for and respond to disasters. This paper examines the significance of capacity building in DRR and its role in enhancing preparedness and resilience. It reviews the progress made and challenges faced in capacity building efforts, highlighting the need to improve community-level capacity, address funding limitations, and enhance coordination among stakeholders. The paper emphasizes the importance of initiatives like the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the United Nations Development Programme’s Capacity Development for Disaster Reduction Initiative (CADRI) in guiding capacity building efforts. Best practices, including community engagement, integration of technology, and gender mainstreaming, are explored to enhance DRR capacity. The paper also presents opportunities for improvement, such as community-level engagement in Tanzania, private sector involvement in the Asia-Pacific region, and increased investment in capacity building for sustained efforts. The Indian context is examined, focusing on the challenges and best practices in DRR capacity building. The conclusion underscores the ongoing need for capacity building to address evolving risks and emphasizes the importance of sustained investment and collaboration to achieve effective disaster preparedness and response. Overall, capacity building for DRR plays a crucial role in building resilient communities and reducing the impact of disasters.

Manpreet Kaur, Dr. Sanjay Prasad

Henry Fielding’s novel, Joseph Andrews is one of his finest masterpieces. Joseph Andrews is a novel written in the middle eighteenth century by Henry Fielding. In this novel, Fielding talks of human nature and of the need for control of sexuality. Joseph Andrews is a novel by Henry Fielding that explores the theme of vices and virtues in a satirical and comic manner. The story follows the adventures of the title character, Joseph Andrews, a virtuous young man who serves as a footman and falls in love with his employer’s daughter, Fanny. As Joseph travels from place to place, he encounters a variety of characters that represent different vices and virtues. The novel presents a world in which vice and virtue are not necessarily fixed attributes of individuals but rather can be shaped by circumstances and environment. For example, the character of Lady Booby is initially presented as a figure of vice; as she attempts to seduce Joseph, but later she is shown to have the potential for virtue when she decides to help Fanny and Joseph reunite. The purpose of studying vices and virtues in Joseph Andrews is to gain a deeper understanding of the novel’s characters and themes. As a novel of moral instruction, Joseph Andrews presents a critique of the societal vices and virtues of the time, and provides examples of how to lead a virtuous life.By examining the vices and virtues portrayed in the novel, readers can gain insight into the cultural and social values of the 18th century. The novel explores various vices such as greed, envy, and lust, as well as virtues such as honesty, kindness, and humility.

Dr. Gabriel Julien

A positive learning is evident when all students, educators, and employees experience a safe, healthy, caring, and nurturing atmosphere. It is a continuous process and although it is demanding it is also rewarding. This environment ought to strongly emphasize and recognize the innate worth and dignity of all by ensuring that equity is being practised which ensures that the teaching and learning process is interactive, dynamic, and progressive for all involved. When equity fosters a positive learning environment, students as well as teachers are extrinsically and intrinsically motivated and energized to maximize their potential. They are more likely to take ownership of their learning and support other students who may experience difficulties. This physical environment makes students feel comfortable, safe, and secure which ought to be free from violence and illicit substances. Moreover, classrooms should have adequate light, proper circulation of air and free from unnecessary noise. Similarly, schools must create an environment that is socially beneficial to the teaching and learning process. Students and adults ought to be familiar with the discipline matrix and its consequences. Within the school surroundings they must feel emotionally prepared to learn and express themselves. In this regard, constant and regular motivation in the classroom can foster students to become resilient, and independent learners. Thus, they should be unafraid of challenges but see them as opportunities for growth and development. When there is a positive environment, students are better able to properly express their needs, feelings, goals, ideals, and aspirations.

Dr. Kamlesh Meena

The media business stands apart from others in the economy partly because of its unique collaboration with creative people and the unpredictability of customer demand. The results of this research have had a major impact on the study of media business and economics in India. Everyone knows that ads are the media industry’s main source of income. This study makes important contributions to the literature and practices of managing the mass media industry. This research is essential for comprehending India’s media landscape since it specifies the position and influence of digital media in regards to the country’s many media outlets’ share of the advertising market. Also, in order to ensure lucrative outcomes, the study suggests a number of guidelines for authorities in the traditional media industry, media owners, content providers, and academics. According to the statistics, internet advertising first ate primarily into the market share of more traditional media like television. As digital media has entirely supplanted radio in local advertising, radio’s already tiny share of the ad market has shrunk even more, resulting in a precipitous decline in overall market expenditure. Industry experts estimate a steady decline in advertising expenditure from 2016–2017 ($87.7 billion) to 2017–2018 ($81.5 billion) to 2018–2019 ($67.15 billion) (2018-19). There will be permanent effects on the company from some of these changes, while others may be short-lived.

Munawar Khalil, M. Jafar

The establishment of law with the sadd al-dhari‘ah-style caused controversy because it was considered subjective, even accused of stepping over the shari’a. However, the existence of sadd al-dhari‘ahcan’t be denied so that clear criteria are needed to avoid subjectivity. Therefore, this study is focused on answering the criteria of sadd al-dhari‘ah.In general, this scientific study is a literature research, in the form of qualitative research that is normative-descriptive. However, to answer this issue, this study is conducted by system theory approach, where sadd al-dhari‘ah is seen as a method of conscious value determination to be part of legal system entity. The usuliyyin opinions about sadd al-dhari‘ah are circulated to complementary. The theory used to highlight is the theory of maqasidwasa’il from Ibn ‘Asyur. The results concluded that, sadd al-dhari‘ah is a method of applying values to deeds containing of mafsadat. Sadd al-dhari‘ah is applied if the mafsadat meets the criteria of hajiyyat or daruriyyat, definite or near definite, is general and related to the public interest. Axiologicalsadd al-dhari‘ahis aimed at applying legal norms, but here needs government involvement.

Wenjie Han

The Stranger by Albert Camus and Day(The Accident) by Elie Wiesel are two of masterpieces in twentieth century. Camus is acknowledged as an existentialist, whose works propose and elucidate the notion of the “absurd” of that generation, while Wiesel is typically identified as a Holocaust writer who has attempted in varying ways “to find a voice with which to articulate the experience of the final solution” (Estess, 1976). In fact, critics argued that Camus’ absurd philosophy has impacted greatly on Wiesel for whom Auschwitz signifies the absurdity of human and divine behavior and the breakdown of the Covenant and the Jewish spirit. Instead of interpreting the image of the absurd as indifferent outsiders in classical criticism, this article argues that the two protagonists Meursault and Eliezer are inside outsiders from the perspective of the “absurd” and the text itself; and further explores the shared theme“death” involved in these two works.

E.A. Gamini Fonseka, PhD

Sabana Wu

In the Love of the Nightingale, Timberlake Wertenbaker frequently presents a phenomenon of silence, including both a physical silence represented by Tereus’ cutting down Philomele’s tongue, and a psychological silence shown in the incommunicability between Niobe and Philomele, as well as that between Female Chorus and Procne. This latter psychological silence, when given the author’s complicated cultural identity and through the frame of postcolonial theory, will offer a deeper reading of Wertenbaker’s concept of “silence”, not female’s silence based on gender perspective only, but the act of silencing in general, including the enforced silence of the colonized by colonizer and that of a “barbarian” culture by a civilized and logical culture.

Tirtha Biswokarma

Dalit community known as lowest caste -group in south Asia where majority people belong to the Hindu social hierarchical structure. ‘The deeply rooted belief of Hindus religion, ‘Dalit community is facing caste - based discrimination from Manu period (1250-1000 BCE). In Nepal king Jayasthiti Malla (1380-1394) divided 64 different castes and allotted different tasks, ranks in the caste hierarchy. Later Ram shah (1609-1636),introduce some rules and regulations about the relation between different caste-groups of People outside the Kathmandu Valley too. The national legal code of 1854 was proclaimed that laid out detail’s codes for inter- caste behaviors and specific punishment for their violation of caste hierarchy and their tasks. It was divided 3 groups such as (1) water acceptable, (2) Water unacceptable and (3) untouchable caste group’ (Bennet., 2008). “During the shah Rana era (1769-1951), Nepal had no alternative “institution “or ideologies backed by any economic and political power equivalent to feudal regime. The caste system and the patriarchy gender system of dominant group were enforced by the state. In the Panchayati period (1962-1990) Nepal abolished caste based discrimination in 1963. However, the diversity of languages, Gender, kinship systems and spiritual outlooks of Nepal’s many different social groups were framed as barriers to development that had to be merged to conform to a single common modern Nepali culture” (DFID/The world Bank, 2006). After the people’s movement of 1990 against the Panchayati regime, the new constitution of Nepal had been declared between the agreement of king and leaders from political parties. In the constitution describes that the country as multi-ethnic, multilingual, race and inclusive state. State should be equal responsible to promote their language, culture, script and declared the Nepal is Hindu kingdom. In this era, Dalits community had got some opportunity to use resources and reduce the untouchability practices than panchayat regime. But is not improve their socio-economic status compared to so callnon -Dalits community. In this period the Maoist movement has started to “people revolution” include the issues of Dalit in their policies and program of the revolution. The political movement of 2062/63 established new political system with termination of the constitutional Monarchism Multi party political system and established the Federal Republican State. In new political system declared the free untouchable states of Nepal. The constitution of Nepal 2072 included the Dalit’s rights as fundamental Rights. Under the constitution, Nepal had been brought an Act “Caste- Based Discrimination and Untouchability Act 2011(2068). Nepal implementing this Act for the elimination the untouchability system in Nepal. But still, about 25 percent population has been facing caste -based discrimination. “They are denial to entry in public place (Temple, tea shop, social gathering), not accepted inter-caste marriage, access to utilization of resources”(Bhattachan K. H., 2003). In this paper, I exam the social, economic impact in Dalit community to find out their economic status, social position of Dalits community. I use secondary data/ information of DHS survey report 2022, Population census of 2011, and research articles of some scholars to complete this study.