American Research Journal of History and Culture

Dr. Syed Damsaz Ali Andrabi

Afghans were invited by the people of valley to relieve themselves from the screws of oppression which they faced during the early period. Instead of getting remedy to their problems the invitation increased their miseries. Each and every sect got affected with their arrival. They increased burden on the economy of Kashmir valley and were in a constant try to drain the rich resources of valley towards their own country. To fulfill their illegal desires number of newer taxes were introduced. The non Muslim population of valley remained the worst hit of problems. Even numbers of them migrated to other parts to save their life without caring for property. Some areas remained without the inhabitants and looked like a desert . Arts and crafts for which Kashmir valley has been famous throughout the world were destroyed by them. Number of artisans changed their profession in order to save their life. 

Alexander Franco, Ph.D.

Dagnachew Tolessa

Coffee planting is not an easy task. It needs great care starting from planting coffee seedlings until it grows and give fruits and even afterwards. We can say the works related with coffee plantation is both time and labour consuming. This paper focuses on the production of coffee and food crops in East Wallaga, Ethiopia, in the twentieth century. It tries to discuss two main ideas: the introduction and production of coffee in East Wallaga and the main features of crop production in the area. Even though there are works that done on coffee, most of them are focus on West Wallaga region. The attention given for East Wallaga is very little. Therefore, this work tries to fill this gap that left by other written materials so far and contributes something in enriching the knowledge related with coffee in East Wallaga. The paper deals with the general views of the origin of coffee, its introduction to east Wallaga, its production and its social and economic contributions to the local people of the region and to the country as a whole. It also tries to discuss the local laboring system in the production of coffee and the impact of land measurement system on the coffee production in the beginning of the twentieth century. In addition to coffee, the paper also deals with some ideas with production of crops since the area of East Wallaga is one of the richest regions of Ethiopia where a variety of crops are grown. The paper also discusses the relation between coffee and food productions and their impact on the local farmers. Lastly, it mentions some important factors that endanger the East wallaga peasants’ self- sufficiency position. In writing this paper, the researcher was unable to get literatures that are directly related to East Wallaga region in relation to the topic. However, I tried my best in using other different literatures that are indirectly related to the region. The researcher also used some oral informants to fill the gap that created by shortage of written materials concerning the area I focused on.

Aram Rafaat

 The collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of many ‘nation-states’ in the region, alongwith promises given to the Kurds following World War I, had revived Kurdish hopes for the establishment of their own independent state. Initially, Britain made a clear-cut political and administrative distinction between Southern Kurdistan and Iraq and reluctantly supported a local Kurdish government. By 1924, however, the British had destroyed the Kurdish government and one year later, through the League of Nations, arranged a referendum to provide a legitimate framework for the attachment of Kurdistan to Iraq. From the very beginning, Kurdish leaders rejected the legitimacy of Iraqi rule in Kurdistan by insisting on their right to self-determination and the establishment of an independent Kurdish state. This perspective has been shared by all successive generations of Kurdish nationalists until the present day. Accordingly, the Iraqi-Kurdish conflict has plagued the country since the 1920s with the incorporation of the Kurdish region into the newly created nation state of Iraq. 

Dr. Syed Damsaz Ali Andrabi

The establishment of Muslim rule in valley of Kashmir in, 1339.A.D.proved as a landmark in the socio-economic and religious history. The new rule attracted philosophers, scholars, artisans from different pockets of Persia and Central Asia. As they were from advanced cultural centers, on reaching Kashmir they effortlessly imparted their technical skill to the natives of valley. Not only social structure got changed, but also new centers of advancement and awareness were opened by them at different places. Their indepth knowledge attracted and influenced the people of all faiths towards the new industrial modules. Some of the arts and crafts that were then unknown in valley were for the first time introduced by them. The main reason behind the arrival of Muslim artisans was the liberal attitude provided by the rulers. All the tools of progress like education, connectivity and peace engulfed the whole of valley. The valley was turned into industrial garden and new economic avenues proved as a basic source and deciding factor of overall change in society.