American Research Journal of Chemistry

K. H. Al – Sowdania, M. Abdulkadhim. Hb, Lamia. A. Rusinb

A new flow-injection chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of ethylmorphine had been established in this study. Based on the chemiluminescence reaction ethylmorphine in hydrogen peroxide and oxidation with luminol in alkali condition, the CL intensity ofluminol decreased by adding ethylmorphine,the determination of ethylmorphine was developed using the quenching-chemi- luminescence by new design has been modulating of Spectroinc 20 to measure thechemiluminescence flow injection system .The proposed method was indirect, simple and rapid for determined the rang (1×10-1-3.1×10-3) M. The detection limit (3×noice ) of 7.8×10-4 M,the R.s.d % for fife determination of 3.1× 10-3 M ethylmorphinewas 0.64%. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the determination ofethylmorphine in synthetic sample.

D. T. Tayade* , S. P. Ingole 

 Fruit juices act as a biocatalyst in different chemical transformation. Pineapple fruit juice is extensively used for condensation reactions due to their powerful and selective natural acid biocatalytic property in organic synthesis and allows mild and highly selective transformation and synthesis in facile and environmentally friendly manner. Moreover, fruits are inexpensive and easily available in the market and its juice can be extracted easily which can be used as biocatalyst in the organic transformations. Hence one-pot three-component condensation of 1,3-diformamidinothiocarbamide with various aldehydes in presence of pineapple juice as a biocatalyst respectively to synthesize a novel series of N’-substituted-N”-substitutedformamidino-2-imino-4-thiobiurates, which is heither to unknown.

*1Peter G. Nelson, 2David A. Johnson

Lattice enthalpies of first-row transition-metal trichlorides (MCl3 ) are assembled and analysed. Subtraction of the various ligand-field contributions to these gives a smooth curve through the points for 3d1‒3d10 ions, but leaves a break of about 20 kJ mol‒1 between 3d0 (i.e. 3p6) and 3d1. This value is compared with that for M3+(aq) and K3 MF6 .

A.O.Edah1, C.B.Nnoli2 , D.F.Wetkum 3 

 The production of soap using vegetable matter such as ashes from plantain peels was examined. The water extract of ashes derived from vegetable matter was reacted with Palm Kernel Oil with the aim of producing black soap of good quality. Studies have shown that plantain peels contain high potash. The physicochemical properties shows that the moisture content was 15.51% and 3.77%, foam height was 620ml and 840ml, free fatty acid was 2.18% and 1.83%, total fatty matter was 66.27% and 72.23%, matter insoluble in water was 4.93% and 7.70%, matter insoluble in alcohol was13.36% and 12.38% and pH was 9.62 and 8.45 for local black soap and Ghana soap respectively. The results compare favourably with the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS, 2015). Hence it showed good properties.The anti-microbial activity of the local black soap extract against the test organism (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, salmonella typhi) which causes skin problems was effective using agar dilution method. The pattern of inhibition varies with the soap concentration and the test organism. The soap was more effective on S.aureus with maximum zone of growth inhibition of 42.5mm at 500mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be 31.25mg/ml for the entire test organism while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 500mg/ml for the entire test organism. The anti-microbial activities exhibited by local black soap in this study, justify the use of local black soap for treatment of skin problems.This research has shown that there is hope for waste management and wealth creation.

Wapwera A. J., Egila J. N.

The chemical composition, nutritionally valuable minerals and functional properties of the African baobab, Adonsonia digitata seed flour were investigated in tandem with the chemical analysis on the baobab seed oil. The analysis was done using standard procedures. The chemical compositions showed that the seed flour contains protein (25.14±0.79)%; crude fat (29.60±0.31)%; Crude fiber (2.96+-0.02)%; total ash (8.17±0.18)%, moisture content (8.31±0.22) and carbohydrate by difference (29.111.46)%.The nutritionally valuable minerals analysis showed the following minerals content (mg/kg): Sodium (0.04±0.01); Potassium (35.00±5.00); Calcium (22.50±2.50); Magnesium (15.50±0.500); Iron (0.39±0.09); Copper (0.30±0.06); Zinc (2.62±0.40); lead (0.02±0.01); and phosphorus (3.43±0.71); while molybdenum is not detected. The result of the mineral analysis shows that the seed flour is edible as compared with the World Health Organizations’ (WHO) mineral contents in foods permissible unit. The functional properties analyzed gave the following: The mean particle size (0.15±0.01) mm, bulk density (0.48±0.02) g/cm3; absorption of water and oil (3.83 and 3.55) m/g-l; microstructure of the fruit seed flour (starch granules present); Swelling index (5.10±0.05). These values shows that the seed can be useful in industries and also be a good source of animal feed, and also in the bakery for snacks baking due to its good functional properties. The chemical analysis on the seed oil gave the following: Saponification value (245.00±2.97) mgKOH/g; Iodine value (88.61±0.29) mgI2 /g; acid value (97.80±0.08) mgKOH; free fatty acids value (3.67±0.12) mgKOH/g; peroxide number (9.77±0.64) meq/kg and ester value (237.29±2.74) mgKOH/g which is determined by difference. These values are related to the standard organization of Nigeria (SON) values and the Nigeria Industry Standards (NIS) permissible values for edible oil.

Elias Akoury

Lemon balm is a herbal tea known for its therapeutic practice in soothing stomach cramps, indigestion and nausea. One of its chemical components is rosmarinic acid, known for its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities in treating Herpes simplex. Despite the efforts, recovery and purification of rosmarinic acid from Lemon balm in high yields has not been entirely successful. Here, we report the aqueous extraction of rosmarinic acid from dried leaves of Lemon balm using Soxhlet distillation after optimizing the conditions with various organic solvents. We have isolated rosmarinic acid under optimum process conditions and high yield (96%) and elucidated its structure by NMR spectroscopy. 

Harith Mohammad Al-Ajely

New series of benzotriazolo hydrazones(15-19) were synthesized from the reaction of hydrazide of oxobenzotriazine (14) with some 4-aminobenzaldehydes (4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)benzaldehyde (3), 4-(piperidin-1-yl) benzaldehyde (4), 4-morpholinobenzaldehyde (5) and 4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzaldehyde (6). These aldehydes were synthesized form the reaction of cyclic amines with 4-flourobenzaldehyde. The other type of aldehyde (7-methyl 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde) (10) was synthesized in three steps starting from m-toluidine which was converted into amide (8), this amide was then transformed into (2-chloro-7-methylquinoline-3-carbaldehyde) (9) via Vilsmeier reaction and finally into (7-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde) (10). The synthesized compounds were studied using a combination of IR, NMR and Mass methods

Charalambos A. Papatryfonos , Charis R. Theocharis*

The effect of the solvent on the surface properties of magnesium hydroxide was investigated in this study. The parameters examined were the effect of OH+/Mg2+ ratio, solvent composition and the ionic strength. The effect of the different variables was investigated by varying systematically some preparation conditions while keeping the others constant. The synthesized magnesium hydroxide samples physicochemical characteristics such as pore volume, specific surface area, pore size distribution, particle size and the amount of exchangeable –OH groups were found to be strongly influenced by the investigated preparation conditions. The powders were characterized by X Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR.