American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Flooding remains one of the most destructive environmental hazards, affecting millions of people each year and causing substantial loss of life, property, and sources of income. Its growing frequency and severity have increasingly been associated with changing climatic conditions, including sea-level rise and extreme rainfall events. Nigeria has experienced several major flood episodes in recent decades, demonstrating the serious consequences of recurrent inundation for vulnerable communities. This study examines the extent to which flooding disrupts livelihoods and investigates differences in vulnerability among population groups. Primary and secondary data were combined, while cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used to select respondents and gather relevant information. The findings indicate that the effects of flooding are not experienced equally, with women facing particularly severe social and economic challenges. Flood events substantially undermine household livelihoods through damage to agricultural production, loss of fish stocks, and disruption of income-generating activities. The study therefore emphasizes the need for vulnerability-sensitive flood management and recovery measures. Priority should be given to strengthening support for women, children, and other disadvantaged groups before, during, and after flood events. Addressing structural inequalities, including discriminatory access to land and productive resources, alongside improved welfare assistance, rehabilitation, and timely relief provision, is essential for reducing long-term livelihood insecurity and building community resilience.

Keywords: Interactive Video Teaching; Higher Education; Student-Centred Learning; Active Learning; Self-Directed Learning; Inquiry-Based Learning; Collaborative Learning; Digital Learning Resources; Instructional Innovation; Student Engagement; Educational Technology; University Teaching.