American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Mithun Mog1, Nasim Ahamed Mondal2*

Introduction: From 1965 to 2009, contraceptive usage has tripled from 13 per cent to 56 per cent, and the fertility rates (TFR) decreased from 5.7 to 2.7. Objectives: To understand the trends in contraceptive use and to study the differentials in traditional and modern contraceptive use in northeast India in the past three decades. Data Source and Methodology: The present study is based on all four rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) reports and data as well.Findings: The overall Contraceptive use among married women improved by 8.0 per cent in Tripura and 9.7 per cent in Assam from 1992 to 2016. Additionally, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Manipur had significantly low use of any contraceptive methods. Few states in the northeast (Tripura, and Assam) India, the traditional contraceptive users increased from 1992 to 2005, but after that, it decreased substantially. The modern contraceptive method is the most popular method in northeast India; it has risen 11.4 per cent in the last two decades. The contraceptive prevalence rate is not similar in all the northeastern states. Among the modern methods of contraception, the terminal method is the most prominently accepted in northeast India.Conclusion: As northeast India is mostly dominated by tribal population, so the way of improving the contraceptive prevalence rate may differ. Therefore, more research is needed to frame proper policies on family planning.

Dr. Neeta Rani

Water is an important component of sustainable development; without it survival is not possible. Though it is available in great quantity but accessibility to fresh water is limited, which makes it an important element for lives. Water supply has become unhygienic to people due to reasons like lack of economic infrastructure and poor conditions. There are several countries in the world which face acute water shortage as well as poor water quality. It hampers their water security and also brings negative impacts on food security and the livelihood of people as well. Lack of water resources invites droughts which further make lives of people more miserable, exacerbate starvation and causes malnutrition. Global warming has made water a restricted resource which is very much important for human lives. Therefore the proper management of water resources is must to bring sustainable development. Water plays a vital role in strengthening the economic and social existence of human beings.

Mingzhe Sun

This essay is about 3 legacies of European Colonialism around the world: the World Trading System and its influence of people around the world, the Ecological Exchange and its significance of agriculture and environment, and the Mercantilism which shape modern world politics and economics.  The World Trading System is established in the European colonization as a result of European involved in the trade in different regionally market. The Europeans explore and expand their trading network to every corner of the world, establish the colonies and connect them into the trading network. The wide spread colonies and trading networks shaped modern world. The trading network not only provides the chance of goods exchange, but also culture and idea exchange; the spread of religions, ideology and technologies was boosted by the trade activities. The ecological exchange, introduces high yielded crops from America to old world, while also introduce old world species to the new continents. The corns and potatoes, which are the most representative new world crops, raised millions of people with their unbelievable moderation ability. The old world crops and animals adapted the new environment well and supported the whole world with their agriculture output. However, the invasive species and disease lead to massive destruction to the new world population and the ecological diversity; and caused the long term risk to the world. At last, the mercantilism shaped the politic relations and economic connection of the European Maritime Empires and their colonies, and later expanded to all around the world. The mercantilism influenced the relationship of colonies with their mother countries before and after their independence. Despite of the international relationship, the mercantilism and the trade activity based on this theory shaped the world cultural, political and economical environment.

Hantao Hu

 Starting from the early 19th century, the arguments on whether abolishing death penalty never reach an agreement and continue to today. This research paper focuses on discussing the reasons why society should abandon the death penalty. Based on the research and the analysis, the article mainly uses the utilitarian ethical values to argue that the death penalty is unethical: 1. Death penalty fails to deter the criminals. 2. The death penalty may brutalize the victim’s family. accomplish. 3. The death penalty is a more expensive means to achieve the same goal that life imprisonment can accomplishTherefore, the paper suggests the abolishment of the death penalty and recommends using life imprisonment as an alternative. In the future, the article will combine more resources and targets the death penalty from Kant’s perspective and Aristotle’s virtue ethics.

Nasim Ahamed Mondal1*, Mithun Mog2, Kacho Amir Khan3

Introduction: Harmful use of alcohol result in 3 million people die each year, which means 5.3% of all deaths worldwide. Alcohol has a contribution on the global burden of disease and injury which accounts approximately 5.1 per cent of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and approximately 13.5 per cent of the total deaths in the age group 20-39 years were caused by alcohol consumption.Objectives: To understand the changes and differentials in alcohol consumption in India and its states, and to examine the determinants of alcohol consumption in India. Data Source and Methodology: The present study has used the national representative Indian Human Development Surveys (IHDS) I (2004-05) and II (2011-12). Bivariate analysis was used to show the prevalence of alcohol consumption concerning some selected socioeconomic and demographic background variables. The Chi-square and multivariate logistic regressions were also employed to estimate the odds ratio (95% CI) for alcohol consumption. STATA and Arc GIS 10.1 software were employed to carry out the analyses. Findings: The alcohol consumption was two per cent higher in 2004-05 (37%) than the recent survey of IHDS (2011-12) (35%) in India. In addition to that, there were some states where the consumption of alcohol had increased from 2004 to 2012 like Mizoram (44%), Kerala (19%), and Jammu and Kashmir (16%). In contrary to that, there were also a few states where alcohol consumption had decreased from 2004 to 2012 like Rajasthan (8%) and Tamil Nadu (5%).

Zhuoxi Ye

European colonization took place from the early 15th century until the early 19th century. Over 400 years, European countries had dramatically changed and influenced their colonies. European ideas did not only impact the economy and the culture, but also social welfare and people’s thoughts. The consequences of European colonialism are identified today as colonial legacies. This article discusses a colonial legacy -- education—and the effects that this has had in India and China.

Josephine Adhiambo Agunda, 2018, Henry Onderi, Jack Ajowi

The education of females has a profound effect on national development as lack of their education has been linked to poor sanitation and high illiteracy rate. As the world grows even more dependent on technologically driven competencies, girls’ participation in mathematics affects future career and economic opportunities. It is documented that women’s participation in mathematics related fields such as engineering is below 20%. There was therefore need to conduct a study in Kisumu County, Kenya to establish the influence of teaching load as a classroom based predictor as an independent variable on girls’ academic achievement in mathematics in secondary education at form four level. The dependent variable was Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) examination results of girls between 2010 and 2014. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of teaching load on girls’ academic achievement in mathematics at form four level. Correlation research design was applied to examine the degree of influence that exists between two or more variables by use of statistical data. The target population consisted of 142 public secondary schools which presented female candidates for KCSE between 2010 and 2014, 142 Principals, 142 Heads of mathematics department and 390 mathematics teachers who taught the girls under study. Stratified random sampling technique was applied whereby schools were categorized as girls’ secondary schools and mixed secondary schools. Purposive sampling was done to select all the 18 girls’ secondary schools in Kisumu County while systematic random sampling was applied to select 38 out of 124 mixed secondary schools in Kisumu County. The sample constituted 39% of the study population. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. Instruments of data collection were validated by the researcher’s supervisors and reliability of the instruments was established through test retest method by carrying out a pilot study in 5 schools which were not part of the study sample. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in form of frequency counts, percentages, means, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and regression analysis. Qualitative data from interview schedule was analyzed by using thematic analysis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was applied to assist in analyzing data. The findings of the study concluded that there was a negative relationship between teaching load and quality academic achievement among girls in mathematics at form four level. The study recommended that more mathematics teachers should be employed to reduce the teaching load for effective classroom performance.

Udaya Raj Paudel

The violence and trauma of Indian partition changed the social and political course of the Indian subcontinents in such a way that its repercussions and ramifications are still palpable. Along with the number of death and the amount of destruction, the event left a deep psychological scar on the mind of millions of people in general and on the mind of women and children in particular. Such ‘age of foolishness, the season of darkness and the time of despair’ could leave no writers of the time and aftermath untouched. And so far the representation of Indian partition violence and trauma is concerned, whatever the cause and whoever the culprits accused or censured, most of the historians have done their best to silence violence by focusing on the great causes rather than the events themselves. The actual acts of abduction, uprooting, train raids, trauma, madness, suicide, murder and acts of destruction are vexed to keep under the carpet. Unlike this, Sadat Hasan Monto, one of the greatest Urdu writers, visualizes the unprecedented objectivity in the rendition of this heartrending milieu in his stories: “Toba Tek Singh,” “Cold Meat”, “Open It” (“Khol Do”) and “The Dog of Titwal.” Thus, methodologically, this paper makes content analysis of the purposively selected secondary resources where violence and trauma remain at the center rather than ‘the politics of blame’ on Muslims or Hindus as perpetrator of the consequence.

Naseer Ahmad Mir

The great Mughals known for their grandeur was expressed and observed both by Asians as well as by the European travellers. Besides, these sources provide us information on various fields of Mughal history, here I have focused on their day to day travel and tent settlement. An endeavour has been made to look how these tents acted as weather shields and transitory capitals moreover ensured their pomp and highness.   

Viktor Zinchenko

 In the article it is also analyzed the philosophical, educational, economic and political trends, perspectives and forms of further social sustainable development on the basis of creation of new forms of humanism. In planning of the social changes the emphasis should be placed on the analysis of the humanistic values and on the analysis of new social institutions that will allow to understand the real mechanisms of the practical construction of a new global society. Institutional revolution should go far beyond the expectations of traditional social theory in depth and breadth. From the point of view of historical progress every new stage of human society evolution is quite different from the previous one that creates prerequisites for new material and spiritual integration of humanity. We studied the specifics of post-industrial strategies of social development and transformation of social institutions, government management models in the context of globalization in today’s industrialized systems. The article analyzes the dynamics and prospects of evolution of the self-organizing systems of society, governance, structure and functioning of the algorithm model of direct democracy and civilian government.