The Co-Evaluation of Ovarian Epithelium Karyorrhexis and Oophoritis after the Erythropoietin Effect on Ovarian Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Pdf : Views Download
Citation: The Co-Evaluation of Ovarian Epithelium Karyorrhexis and Oophoritis after the Erythropoietin Effect on Ovarian Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. American Research Journal of Biomedical Engineering. vol 2, no. 1: 1-8.
Copyright This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract:
Aim: This study co-evaluated the 2 quoted histologic variables after the erythropoietin (Epo) administration. The calculation was based on the results of 2 preliminary studies, each one evaluating a respective histologic variable of ovarian epithelium karyorrhexis (OK) or oophoritis (OI) in an induced ischemia reperfusion animal experiment.
Materials and Methods: The 2 main experimental endpoints at which the OK and OI scores were evaluated was the 60th reperfusion min(for the groups A and C) and the 120th reperfusion min (for the groups B and D). Specially, the groups A and B were processed without drugs, whereas the groups C and D after Epo administration.
Results: The first preliminary study showed that Eponon significantly recessed the ovarian epithelium karyorrhexis (OK) within the “without lesions alterations” grade by 0.0818182 [-0.2159977 - 0.0523614] (p-value=0.2246)1 . However, the second preliminary study showed that Epo significantly enhanced oophoritis (OI) within the “without lesions alterations” grade by 0.1363636 [0.0421443 - 0.230583] (p-value=0.0057)2 . These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. This study investigated the combined diagnostic value of both variables together. Conclusions: Epo has a hardly deteriorating potency of these histologic parameters within the “without lesions alterations” grade by 0.0272727 [-0.0556778 - +0.1102233] (p-value=0.5097) since they were co-evaluated together.
Keywords: ischemia, ovarian epitheliumkaryorrhexis, oophoritis, erythropoietin, reperfusion
Description:
INTRODUCTION
Erythropoietin (Epo) was investigated whether having
antioxidant capacities. 2 histologic variables in anonarianischemia reperfusion
(OIR) experiment were tested for this purpose. The one variable was that of
ovarian epithelium karyorrhexis (OK), which was non significantly recessed
within the “without lesions alterations”grade by 0.0818182+0.06845895
(p-value=0.2246)1 . The other variable was that of oophoritis (OI) but was
significantly enhanced within the “without lesions alterations” grade by
0.1363636+0.0480711 (p-value=0.0057)2 . Although Epo is met in over 30,569
published biomedical studies, only a 3.57% of them negotiate its antioxidant
capacities. The present experimental work tried to co-evaluate these OK and OI
variables together and to compare its outcome with each one separately, from
the same rat induced OIR protocol.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animal Preparation
This study received 2 ethics committee approvals under the
3693/12-11- 2010 & 14/10-1-2012 numbers fully following the tenants of the Declaration
of Helsinki. The granting company, the experiment location and the Pathology
Department are mentioned in preliminary references1,2. The human animal care of
Albino female Wistar rats, the 7 days pre-experimental ad libitum diet, the
non-stop intra-experimental anesthesiologic techniques, the acidometry, the
electrocardiogram and the oxygen supply and post-experimental euthanasia are
also described in preliminary references. Rats were 16 – 18 weeks old. They
were randomly assigned to four (4) groups consisted in N=10. The stage of 45
min ischemia was common for all 4 groups. Afterwards, reperfusion of 60 min was
followed in group A; reperfusion of 120 min in group B; immediate Epo
intravenous (IV) administration and reperfusion of 60 min in group C; immediate
EpoIV administration and reperfusion of 120 min in group D. The dose height
assessment was described at preliminary studies as 10 mg/Kg body mass.
Ischemia was caused by laparotomic clamping the inferior
aorta over renal arteries with forceps for 45 min. The clamp removal was
restoring the inferior aorta patency and reperfusion. After exclusion of the
blood flow, the protocol of OIR was applied, as described above for each
experimental group. Epo was administered at the time of reperfusion; through
inferior vena cava catheter. The OK and OI scores were determined at 60th min
of reperfusion (for A and C groups) and at 120th min of reperfusion (for B and
D groups). Relation was rised between animals’ mass with neither OK scores
(p-value=0.5797); nor with OI ones (p-values=0.3691). The pathologic score
grading was maintained the same as in preliminary studies: (0-0.499) without
lesions, (0.5- 1.499) the mild lesions, (1.5 -2.499) the moderate lesions and
(2.5-3) the serious lesions damage.
Model of
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Control Groups
The 20 control rats were the same for preliminaries and this
study.
Group A
Reperfusion which lasted 60 min concerned 10 controls rats
of combined OK and OI (OK & OI) score as the mean of OK score and OI one
(Table 1).
Group B
Reperfusion which lasted 120 min concerned 10 controls rats
of combined OK&OI (cOK & OI) score as the mean of OK and OI one (Table
1).
Epo Group
The 20 Epo rats were the same for preliminaries and this
study.
Group C
Reperfusion which lasted 60 min concerned 10 Epo rats of
cOK&OI score as the mean of OK score and OI one (Table 1).
Group D
Reperfusion which lasted 120 min concerned 10 L rats of cOK&OI score as the mean of OK score and OI one (Table 1).
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Every cOK & OI groups score was compared with each other from 3 remained groups applying Wilcoxon signedrank test (Table 2). Then, the generalized linear models (glm) were applied with dependant variable the cOK & OI scores, and independent variables the Epo administration or no, the reperfusion time and their interaction.
RESULTS
Epo administration did not influence the cOK & OI scores within the “without lesions alterations” by 0[- 0.1383574 - +0.1383574] (p=1.0000) after co-calculation by both Wilcoxon signed-rank test and glm methods. Furthermore, reperfusion time hardly enhanced the cOK & OI scores within the “without lesions alterations” by +0.05 [-0.09705565 - +0.19705565] (p=0.5227) after co-calculation by the same methods. However, Epo administration and reperfusion time together also hardly deteriorated the cOK & OI scores within the “without lesions alterations” grade by 0.0272727 [-0.0556778 - +0.1102233] (p-value=0.5097) since they were coevaluated together. A concise form of the above findings is depicted at table 4.
DISCUSSION
Kolusari A et al improved3 the survival of
follicles, determined significantly higher levels of E2 in ovarian
grafts most likely by reducing ischemic injury, by improving neoangiogenesis,
and by its antioxidant effects. Follicle counts in the EPO group were
significantly higher than those in the untreated group (P ≤ 0.05) after
condensatedEpo administration in autotransplanted rat ovaries. Mahmoodi M et al
found the mean total volume of ovary, cortex, medulla, the number of follicles,
the follicle survival and function and the concentration of E2
increased4 whereas, apoptosis rate and the concentration of MDA
decreased significantly in the autografted EPOtreated group than in the
autografted placebo one (P<0.01) reducing the IR injury in grafted ovaries of Naval Medical Research Institute mice. Ma YS et al found the number of apoptosis cells decreased in rhEPO treated group (P ><
0.01) than I/R group. rhEPO showed effects to inhibit the apoptosis of fetal
neural cells and the expression of Caspase-3 protein due to intrauterine
hypoxic-ischemic brain tissue injury. Ma YS et al found6 the expression of
caspase-3, the death rate of fetal rats and the number of fetal rat brain cells
apoptosis decreased in rhEPO treated groups (P < 0.05) than the I/R group in
an intrauterine hypoxic-ischemic injury. Taskin MI et al evaluated7 the tissue
and serum TOS levels and OSI levels markedly decreased. The ovarian protective
effect of 2-APB appears to be mediated through its antiapopitotic and
antioxidative effects in experimental I/R injury in rat ovaries. Stanley JA et
al have shown8 that edaravone mitigated or inhibited the effects of CrVI on
follicle atresia, pubertal onset retardation, steroidogenesis hormone levels
and AOX enzyme activity, as well as the expression of Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 in the
ovary; whereas increased E₂ restored CrVI-induced depletion of glutathione
peroxidase 1, catalase, thioredoxin 2, and peroxiredoxin 3 in the ovary of
female Sprague Dawley rats. Yapca OE et al found9 that etoricoxib [a
selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor] prevented oxidative damage induced
with I/R that may arise with reperfusion by detorsion in rat ovarian tissue.
Yapca OE et al10 suggested that thiamine pyrophosphate may be useful
in the prevention of IR-related infertility in diabetic rats. Celik M et al
ameliorated11 I/R injury by sildenafil treatment in an ovarian
tissue rat model. Gungor AN et al observed that omegaven improved12
the detrimental effects of ovarian I/R in torsioned - detorsioned ovaries. Kurt
RK et al revealed13 that colchicine significantly reduced catalase
activities and thus ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury in experimental rat
ovarian torsion model up to 5 days. Dokuyucu R et al found14 the
numbers of primordial follicles (p=0.006) and primary follicles (p=0.036)
increased whereas the mean levels of (Total Oxidant Status) TOS and (Oxidative
Stress Index) decreased in groups that received erdosteine and/or alpha lipoic
acid ALA than the detorsion group in an experimental rat ovarian IR torsion
model injury. Keskin Kurt R et al revealed that zofenopril attenuated injury in
an experimental model of ovarian IR torsion in rats. Guven S et al observed16
that the elevated serum ischemia-modified albumin IMA levels with high
sensitivity-specificity values in women with ovarian torsion seem to have a
potential role as a serum marker in the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian
torsion in emergency settings and significantly distinguished patients with or
without ovarian torsion. Yurtcu E et al found17 statistically
significant dose-dependent decreased edema and follicle degeneration, with
vascular congestion, hemorrhage and follicle degeneration in vardenafil treatment
groups attenuating ischemia-reperfusion induced ovary injury in a rat model.
Türk E et al considered18 hypothermia as effective in inhibiting
inflammatory responses and also ischemia/reperfusion injury perhaps by
inhibiting the production of oxidative stress in ovaries subjected to
torsion/detorsion injury. Yıldırım Ş et al reduced19 hemorrhage,
edema and vascular dilatation after proanthocyanidin administration known as
free radical scavenger, antioxidant and protective against tissue damage
induced by IR in rat ovaries. Mete Ural Ü et al reversed20 the
biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations, alleviated
the injury and attenuated ovarian ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion injury
after thymoquinone administration in rats. AksakKaramese S et al normalized21
values after beta-carotene treatment which is a potent antioxidant in an
experimental ischemia-reperfusion groups model. Sayar I et al suggested22
that ozone (O) and ellagic acid (EA) are effective against an ovarian
torsion-detorsion I/R injury. Eser A et al showed23 that curcumin
exerted no major significant protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury
in the rat ovary female Wistar albino rats. Bayir Y et al concluded24
that aliskiren [a direct renin inhibitor] treatment is effective in reversing
IR induced ovary damage via the improvement of cytokine and oxidative stress,
reduction of inflammation and suppression of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone
system in rat ovaries. Esteban-Zubero E et al proved25 melatonin as
a potentially useful therapeutic tool in the reduction of graft rejection. Its
benefits are based on its direct actions as a free radical scavenger as well as
its indirect antioxidative actions in the stimulation of the cellular
antioxidant defense system. Moreover, it has significant anti-inflammatory
activity. Melatonin has been found to improve the beneficial effects of
preservation fluids when they are enriched with the indoleamine. Yao D et al
described carthamus tinctorius26 in prescriptions and composite to
promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, regulate menstruation,
alleviate pain, significantly promote ovarian granulosa cell proliferation with
the effects of antioxidation. Tuncer AA et al evaluated27 the
combination of alpha-lipoic acid and coenzyme Q10 having beneficial effects on
oxidative stress induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury related with rat model
of ovarian torsion. Nayki UA et al significantly decreased28 severe
hemorrhage, degeneration, inflammatory signs in the follicular cells and
markedly ameliorated increased apoptosis, caused by IR in rats ovarian tissue.
Ugurel V et al significantly retained29 severe acute inflammation,
polynuclear leukocytes, macrophages, stromal edema, hemorrhage, degenerative
changes in the ovary PCNA (+) cell numbers; decreasing lipid peroxidation
products and leukocytes aggregation after treatment with erdosteine in adnexal
torsion of ovarian IR injury in rats. Pınar N et al found catalase levels
significantly increased30 whereas MDA levels significantly lower in
the I/R + tempoli.p. group. Tempol can be used for reducing ovarian I/R injury
in female Wistar albino rats. GüleçBaşer B et al found vascular congestion,
hemorrhage, polymorphonuclear neutrophils interstitial edema and the number of
apoptotic cells lower31 in PG group. Preoperative PG treatment might
exert protective effects in ovarian IR injury through its anti-apoptotic and
antioxidative properties. Melekoglu R et al evaluated32 the serum
follicle-stimulating hormone levels significantly reduced, the serum
anti-Müllerian hormone levels significantly increased and the histopathological
scores ameliorated in rats treated with Chrysin and Glycyrrhetinic Acid
preventing I/R injury in rat adnexal torsion detorsion procedure.
A numeric evaluation33 of the erythropoietin efficacies was provided by a meta-analysis of 35 seric variables of complete blood count and blood chemistry tests versus reperfusion time coming from the same experimental setting (table 5).
CONCLUSION
Epohas a slight deteriorating potency for ovarian epithelium
karyorrhexis and oophoritis together (p-values=0.5097) discouraging for
beneficial usage in situations such as the survival of follicles in ovarian
grafts, the follicle atresia, the pubertal onset retardation, the steroidogenesis
hormone levels, the follicle degeneration and inflammatory responses inhibition
and the adnexal torsion detorsion procedure.
References
1. C Tsompos, C Panoulis, K Toutouzas, G Zografos, A
Papalois. The effect of erythropoietin on ovarian epithelium karyorrhexis
during ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Austin J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;
2(2): id 1041: 1-4.
2. C. Τsompos, C. Panoulis, K Τοutouzas, A. Triantafyllou,
G. Ζografos, A. Papalois. The effect of erythropoietin on oophoritis during
ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Science and Research 2016; 1(2): 9-14.
3. Kolusari A, Okyay AG, Koçkaya EA. The Effect of
Erythropoietin in Preventing Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Ovarian Tissue
Transplantation. Reprod Sci. 2018 Mar;25(3):406-413.
4. Mahmoodi M, SoleimaniMehranjani M, Shariatzadeh SM,
Eimani H, Shahverdi A. Effects of erythropoietin on ischemia, follicular
survival, and ovarian function in ovarian grafts. Reproduction. 2014 Apr
10;147(5):733- 41.
5. Ma YS, Zhou J, Liu H, Du Y, Lin XM. Protection effect of
recombiant human erythropoietin preconditioning against intrauterine
hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and its influence on expression of caspase-3
protein in brain tissue. Sichuan Da XueXueBao Yi Xue Ban. 2013
May;44(3):397-401.
6. Ma YS, Zhou J, Liu H, Du Y, Lin XM. Effect of recombinant
human erythropoietin on apoptosis of neural cells in fetal rats after
intrauterine hypoxic-ischemic injury. Sichuan Da XueXueBao Yi Xue Ban. 2013
Jan;44(1):31-5.
7. Taskin MI, Hismiogullari AA, Yay A, Adali E, Gungor AC,
Korkmaz GO, Inceboz U. Effect of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate on
ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat ovary model. Eur J ObstetGynecolReprod
Biol. 2014 Jul;178:74-9.
8. Stanley JA, Sivakumar KK, Arosh JA, Burghardt RC, Banu
SK. Edaravone mitigates hexavalent chromiuminduced oxidative stress and
depletion of antioxidant enzymes while estrogen restores antioxidant enzymes in
the rat ovary in F1 offspring. BiolReprod. 2014 Jul;91(1):12.
9. Yapca OE, Turan MI, Yilmaz I, Salman S, Gulapoglu M,
Suleyman H. Benefits of the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of
etoricoxib in the prevention of ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury induced
experimentally in rats. J ObstetGynaecol Res. 2014 Jun;40(6):1674-9.
10. Yapca OE, Turan MI, Borekci B, Akcay F, Suleyman H.
Bilateral ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury and treatment options in rats
with an induced model of diabetes. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2014;17(4):294-302.
11. Celik M, Aksoy AN, Aksoy H, Aksoy Y, Halici Z.
Sildenafil reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ovary: biochemical and
histopathological evaluation. GynecolObstet Invest. 2014;78(3):162-7.
12. Gungor AN, Turkon H, Albayrak A, Ovali M, Islimye M,
Gencer M, Hacivelioglu S, Cevizci S, Cesur I, Cosar E. Does Omegaven have
beneficial effects on a rat model of ovarian ischemia/reperfusion? Eur J
ObstetGynecolReprod Biol. 2014 Oct;181:240-5.
13. Kurt RK, Dogan AC, Dogan M, Albayrak A, Kurt SN, Eren F,
Okyay AG, Karateke A, Duru M, Fadillioglu E, Delibasi T. Protective effect of
colchicine on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury: an experimental study.
Reprod Sci. 2015 May;22(5):545-50.
14. Dokuyucu R, Karateke A, Gokce H, Kurt RK, Ozcan O,
Ozturk S, Tas ZA, Karateke F, Duru M. Antioxidant effect of erdosteine and
lipoic acid in ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur J ObstetGynecolReprod
Biol. 2014 Dec;183:23-7.
15. Keskin Kurt R, Dogan AC, Dogan M, Albayrak A, Kurt SN,
Eren F, Silfeler DB, Karateke A, Fadillioglu E, Delibasi T. Zofenopril
attenuates injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion on rat ovary. J
ObstetGynaecol Res. 2015 Jun;41(6):926-31.
16. Guven S, Kart C, GuvendagGuven ES, Cetin EC, Menteşe A.
Is the measurement of serum ischemia-modified albumin the best test to diagnose
ovarian torsion? GynecolObstet Invest. 2015;79(4):269-75.
17. Yurtcu E, Togrul C, Ozyer S, Uzunlar O, Karatas YH,
Seckin KD, Caydere M, Hucumenoglu S, Cicek N. Dose dependent protective effects
of vardenafil on ischemia-reperfusion injury with biochemical and
histopathologic evaluation in rat ovary. J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Jul;50(7):1205-9.
18. Türk E, Karaca İ, Ozcinar E, Celebiler A, Aybek H, Ortac
R, Güven A. The effect of hypothermia on adnexal torsion/detorsion injury in a
rat ovary model. J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Aug;50(8):1378-81.
19. Yıldırım Ş, Topaloğlu N, Tekin M, Küçük A, Erdem H,
Erbaş M, Yıldırım A. Protective role of Proanthocyanidin in experimental
ovarian torsion. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015 Feb 23;29:185.
20. Mete Ural Ü, BayoğluTekin Y, Şehitoğlu İ, Kalkan Y,
CumhurCüre M. Biochemical, Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation
of the Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Thymoquinone against Ischemia and
Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in the Rat Ovary. GynecolObstet Invest.
2016;81(1):47-53.
21. AksakKaramese S, Toktay E, Unal D, Selli J, Karamese M,
Malkoc I. The protective effects of beta-carotene against ischemia/reperfusion
injury in rat ovarian tissue. ActaHistochem. 2015 Oct;117(8):790-7.
22. Sayar I, Bicer S, Gursul C, Gürbüzel M, Peker K, Işik A.
Protective effects of ellagic acid and ozone on rat ovaries with an
ischemia/reperfusion injury. J ObstetGynaecol Res. 2016 Jan;42(1):52-8.
23. Eser A, Hizli D, Haltas H, Namuslu M, Kosus A, Kosus N,
Kafali H. Effects of curcumin on ovarian ischemiareperfusion injury in a rat
model. Biomed Rep. 2015 Nov;3(6):807-813.
24. Bayir Y, Cadirci E, Polat B, KilicBaygutalp N, Albayrak
A, Karakus E, Un H, Keles MS, KocakOzgeris FB, Toktay E, Karaca M, Halici Z.
Aliskiren - a promising strategy for ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury
protection in rats via RAAS. GynecolEndocrinol. 2016 Aug;32(8):675-683.
25. Esteban-Zubero E, García-Gil FA, López-Pingarrón L,
Alatorre-Jiménez MA, Iñigo-Gil P, Tan DX, García JJ, Reiter RJ. Potential
benefits of melatonin in organ transplantation: a review. J Endocrinol. 2016
Jun; 229 (3): R129-46.
26. Yao D, Wang Z, Miao L, Wang L. Effects of extracts and
isolated compounds from safflower on some index of promoting blood circulation
and regulating menstruation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Sep 15;191:264-272.
27. Tuncer AA, Bozkurt MF, Koken T, Dogan N, Pektaş MK,
Baskin Embleton D. The Protective Effects of AlphaLipoic Acid and Coenzyme Q10
Combination on Ovarian Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: An Experimental Study. Adv
Med. 2016;2016:3415046.
28. Nayki UA, Nayki C, Cetin N, Cimen FK, Coban A, Mammadov
R, Tas IH, Malkoc I. Effect of Kineret® on ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury
in a rat model. J ObstetGynaecol Res. 2016 Nov;42(11):1525-1533.
29. Ugurel V, Cicek AC, Cemek M, Demirtas S, Kocaman AT,
Karaca T. Antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of erdosteine in a rat model of
ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2017 Jan; 20 (1):
53-58.
30. Pınar N, SoyluKarapınar O, Özcan O, AtikDoğan E,
Bayraktar S. Protective effects of tempol in an experimental ovarian
ischemia-reperfusion injury model in female Wistar albino rats. Can J
PhysiolPharmacol. 2017 Jul; 95(7): 861-865.
31. GüleçBaşer B, İslimyeTaşkın M, Adalı E, Öztürk E,
Hısmıoğulları AA, Yay A. Does progesterone have protective effects on ovarian
ischemia-reperfusion injury? J Turk GerGynecol Assoc. 2018 Jun 4;19(2):87-93.
32. Melekoglu R, Ciftci O, Eraslan S, Alan S, Basak N. The
Protective Effects of Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Chrysin against
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rat Ovaries. Biomed Res Int. 2018 May
14;2018:5421308.
33. C. Tsompos, C. Panoulis, K. Toutouzas, A. Triantafyllou,
G. Zografos, A. Papalois.The effect of erythropoietin on chloride levels during
hypoxia reoxygenation injury in rats. Signa Vitae2017; 13(2):97-101.